Long Questions
‡ . Explain the various types of computers on the basis of size.
The digital computers that are available nowadays vary in their sizes and types. The computers are broadly classified into four categories based on their size and type
Microcomputers
Microcomputers are small, low‐cost and single‐user digital computer. They consist of CPU, input unit, output unit, storage unit and the software. Although microcomputers are stand‐alone machines, they can be connected together to create a network of computers that can serve more than one user. IBM PC based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple Macintosh are some examples of microcomputers. Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or laptop, tablet computer, handheld computer, smart phones and notebook.
Minicomputers
Minicomputers are digital computers, generally used in multi‐user systems. They have high processing speed and high storage capacity than the microcomputers. Minicomputers can support 4–200 users simultaneously. The users can access the minicomputer through their PCs or terminal. They are used for real‐time applications in industries, research centers, etc. PDP 11, IBM (8000 series) are some of the widely used minicomputers.
Mainframe
Mainframe computers are multi‐user, multi‐programming and high performance computers. They operate at a very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the workload of many users. Mainframe computers are large and powerful systems generally used in centralized databases. The user accesses the mainframe computer via a terminal that may be a dumb terminal, an intelligent terminal or a PC. A dumb terminal cannot store data or do processing of its own. It has the input and output device only. An intelligent terminal has the input and output device, can do processing, but, cannot store data of its own. The dumb and the intelligent terminal use the processing power and the storage facility of the mainframe computer. Mainframe computers are used in organizations like banks or companies, where many people require frequent access to the same data. Some examples of mainframes are CDC 6600 and IBM ES000 series.
Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the fastest and the most expensive machines. They have high processing speed compared to other computers. The speed of a supercomputer is generally measured in FLOPS (Floating point Operations Per Second). Some of the faster supercomputers can perform trillions of calculations per second. Supercomputers are built by interconnecting thousands of processors that can work in parallel.
‡ Explain the various types of computers on the basis of brand. Differentiate between analog computers and digital computers.
The IBM
The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.
IBM PC compatible
IBM PC compatible computers are those similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT and able to run the same software as those. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones. They duplicate almost exactly all the significant features of the PC architecture, facilitated by IBM's choice of commodity hardware components and various manufacturers' ability to reverse engineer the BIOS firmware using a "clean room design" technique. Columbia Data Products built the first clone of the IBM personal computer by a clean room implementation of its BIOS.
Apple
The Macintosh, or Mac, is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It has made many PCs with good Qualities and user friendly and its internal architecture is totally different from that of IBM PCs. The software made for Apple pc can’t be used in IBM or Vice versa .Even the CD format cannot be recognized by each other.
Analog Computer
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Digital Computer
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The Computer which is based on continuous data is known as analog computer
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The Computer which is based on discrete data is known as digital computer
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It is used for specific purpose
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It is used for General purpose
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Its accuracy is poor
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Its accuracy is very high
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It has no or less storage capacity
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It has high storage capacity
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‡ What is operating system? Explain the functions of operating system.
Operating System is large collections of system software, which manages the resources of the computer such memory storage I/O device processor etc. The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk and printers.
Some Functions are
· Input/output Management: The operating system allows unification and control of access of programs to material resources via drivers (also known as peripheral administrators or input/output administrators).
· File management: the operating system manages reading and writing in the file and the user and application file access authorizations.
· Memory Management: Operating System also Manages the Memory of the Computer System means Provide the Memory to the Process and Also Deal locate the Memory from the Process. And also defines that if a Process gets completed then this will deal locate the Memory from the Processes
· JOB Management: Is a technique that involves operating several processors in parallel to obtain a higher calculation power than that obtained using a high-end processor or to increase the availability of the system (in the event of processor breakdown).
· Process Management: The operating system is responsible for managing allocation of the processor between the different programs using a scheduling algorithm. The type of scheduler is totally dependent on the operating system, according to the desired objective.
‡ Define hardware, software and firmware. Explain the major 10 applications of computer.
Software
Computer software or simply software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which is the physical component of computers.
Hardware
Computer hardware' is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched (known as tangible). In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Firmware
In electronic systems and computing, firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device.
10 Major applications of computer are
Computers in Education: The capability of interacting with learners
makes computers as powerful tools for enhancing the process of learning. In addition, computers also play an important role in searching information and school administration. In this unit, we will introduce how computers are used as learning and teaching tools, and as administrative tools.
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Computers in Defense: Computers widely used in defense. Secured database and records are kept in computer with help of software used in system. Computers are used to track incoming missiles and help slew weapons systems onto the incoming target to destroy them. Computers help design and test new systems.
Computer in Banks: All financial transactions in banks and financial institutions are done by computers software. Computers are used to hold documents, maintenance records and records of events. It Provide Security, speed in banks. ATM is a wonderful example of computers used in banks.
Short Question
1. List out five input devices and their respective functions.
Mouse
A computer mouse enables its user to move a cursor smoothly and intuitively across a two-dimensional plane. It's therefore an essential input device for selecting, dragging, hovering, and clicking. The mouse allows users to switch between applications, select options and buttons, and move around the screen with a great degree of accuracy and fluidity. It is used to move between and select links on a website, buttons on an options screen, entries on a menu, and many more tasks that would be far more difficult using a keyboard alone.
Keyboard
A computer keyboard allows an operator to give commands to the computer in a simple way by pressing keys. The keys on a keyboard are typically labeled with their input function, ranging from letters of the alphabet to numbers and symbols.
Scanner
A scanner is a digital device that converts films, documents and photographic prints to digital images. It scans documents, which can be sent to a computer, printer, flash drive or email address.
Microphone
A microphone converts the pressure waves caused by sound into vibrations within a coil which transforms the vibrations into electric signals. These electric signals can then be sent by wire or wireless to an amp or mixer of some sort for output to speakers or perhaps a recording device.
Touch screen
Touch screens, as their name implies, are screens that respond to a user's touch. These are now widely used in smart phones, allowing the user to touch icons and interact with any part of the screen, essentially turning the finger into a computer mouse.
2. Explain the contribution of Charles Babbage in the history of computer.
Technology today, in these last few years of the twentieth century, is growing so fast it is often hard to keep up with. The computer industry is booming, advancing with every passing year. The industry is still young, but its products are in such high demand that rapid advancement of technology is hardly surprising. What is surprising, however, is that it took the industry a second invention and over one hundred years before the power of computers was finally recognized. Though computers weren't ever built until the mid-1900s, the first idea for a computer was actually developed starting in 1837. Charles Babbage, born to a wealthy London family in 1791, was the brain behind the idea, and is famous for his work developing plans for two different computers. His first, the Difference Engine, was partially completed in the early 1830s, but never to the extent he had planned. The Analytical Engine, his second and more complex design was never completed at all, but both had the potential to be very powerful, especially for the time period.
His machines were essentially the first computers in history. Though a crude calculator was built by mathematician Blaise Pascal in the 1642, it was very unreliable, and had far fewer capabilities than even Babbage’s Difference Engine. The Difference Engine could compute simple calculations, like multiplication or addition, but its most important trait was its ability create tables of the results of up to seven-degree polynomial functions. His engine, except for the printing mechanism, was close to being finished in 1832, but funds to complete the project were dropped, and so had to be his project. By 1837, Babbage had come up with a new idea: a computer that could understand commands and could be programmed much like a modern-day computer. He called it the Analytical Engine, and it was the first machine ever designed with the idea of programming. Babbage started working on this engine when work on his Difference Engine was halted and continued for most of his life. Unfortunately, due mostly to political and economic concerns, and of course to the high technological involvement of the project, Babbage’s Analytical Engine was never completed. His ideas were isolated at the time, and no other attempts at building such a computer were thought of again until well into the next century. Babbage, a true computer pioneer, is known as the "Uncle" of computers, due to his early, but isolated contributions to the field.
Charles Babbage was an exceptional man. Obviously very intelligent, his mathematical and mechanical genius was apparent even at an early age. As a child, he liked to take apart toys in order to figure out how they worked. Later, in school, he learned algebra on his own because he was fascinated by the subject. His interest in mathematics continued into high school, where, because of the time constraints of a heavy, prep-school course load, Babbage would go to school in secret from three until five in the morning to study calculus by himself. By the time he went to university in 1810 he had a good understanding of and a hugely motivated interest in the field of mathematics.
3. Differentiate between IBM Computers and Apple Computers.
IBM computers
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Apple Computers
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It is Cheaper
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It is Expensive
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It is distribute by Hundreds of manufacture
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It is developed and Manufacture by Apple, Inc
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It is not safe then apple
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It is safer than other
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Many update of software are available
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Few updates are available
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Has many users
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Has less users
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Windows 10 demo is latest version of OS
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OS x 10 mavericks is latest version of OS
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OS used are windows, Solaris, Ubuntu
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OS used are Linux, OSx
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More chance of damaged file
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Less Chance of Damage file
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Many Software, games, are available
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Less software, games are available
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Bowser Google chrome, Safari, Opera etc
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Browser only Safari
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4. Differentiate SRAM and DRAM
SRAM
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DRAM
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It stands for “Static Random Access Memory”
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It stands for “Dynamic Random Access Memory”
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Mostly formed of transistors.
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Mostly formed of capacitors.
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It has low density of data.
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It has high density of data.
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Expensive than DRAM.
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Cheaper than SRAM.
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Doesn’t require periodic refreshing.
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Requires periodic refreshing.
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Uses cache memory.
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Uses main memory.
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Consumes less electrical power.
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Consumes high electrical power.
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5. What is hexadecimal number system? Convert (2D05)16 into decimal number system.
The hexadecimal numeral system, also known as just hex, is a numeral system made up of 16 symbols (base 16). The standard numeral system is called decimal (base 10) and uses 10 symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Hexadecimal uses the decimal numbers and includes six extra symbols.
Solution
Here
(2D05)16= (?)10
(?)10=2*163+13*162+0+5*160
=11525
6. What is 2’scomplement? Subtract 11010 and 10001 using 2’s Complement
In two's complement notation, a non-negative number is represented by its ordinary binary representation; in this case, the most significant bit is 0. Though, the range of numbers represented is not the same as with unsigned binary numbers.
Soln
Step 1: Minuend number (M) = 11010
Subtracted number(S) =10001
Step 2 : Taking 2’s complement of (S)= 01111
Step 3: Adding M and S
11010+1111=101001
Step 4: Since there is overflow
Answer = 1010
7. Write notes on:
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines. After three years of effort and fifty prototypes, he was one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator. He built 20 of these machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines) in the following ten years. Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of 16, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646, he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.
Duality Principle
There is nothing magical about the choice of symbols for the values of Boolean algebra. We could rename 0 and 1 to say α and β, and as long as we did so consistently throughout it would still be Boolean algebra, albeit with some obvious cosmetic differences.
But suppose we rename 0 and 1 to 1 and 0 respectively. Then it would still be Boolean algebra, and moreover operating on the same values. However it would not be identical to our original Boolean algebra because now we find ∨ behaving the way ∧ used to do and vice versa. So there are still some cosmetic differences to show that we've been fiddling with the notation, despite the fact that we're still using 0s and 1s.
But if in addition to interchanging the names of the values we also interchange the names of the two binary operations, now there is no trace of what we have done. The end product is completely indistinguishable from what we started with. We might notice that the columns for x∧y and x∨y in the truth tables had changed places, but that switch is immaterial.
When values and operations can be paired up in a way that leaves everything important unchanged when all pairs are switched simultaneously, we call the members of each pair dual to each other. Thus 0 and 1 are dual, and ∧ and ∨ are dual. The Duality Principle, also called De Morgan duality, asserts that Boolean algebra is unchanged when all dual pairs are interchanged.
John Von Neumann
John von Neumann (December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian and American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and fluid dynamics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics.
Dr. Hermann Hollerith
Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cardsto rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern machine data processing. With his invention of the punched card evaluating machine the beginning of the era of automatic data processing systems was marked. His draft of this concept dominated the computing landscape for nearly a century.
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